Compositions and methods to prevent corrosion by co2 on cement compositions

ABSTRACT

Methods and compositions that protect cement compositions from corrosion, particularly from wet carbon dioxide, are provided. A soluble salt additive is provided to react with reaction products generated during the reactions that occur when cement is exposed to wet carbon dioxide. The soluble salt reacts to form an insoluble salt that forms a protective layer on the surface of the cement that protects it from further corrosion from exposure to wet carbon dioxide.

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/180,577, filed on Jul. 28, 2008.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally to compositions and methods of reducing corrosion in cement exposed to carbon dioxide.

2. Description of the Related Art

Cement, such as Portland cement, is ubiquitous in wells for sealing the well casing to the formation, isolating zones, plugging old wells, squeeze cementing treatments, cementing of steam producing or injection wells, disposal wells, and permafrost environments, remediating failed cement, and many other uses. Cement is also used in many civil engineering projects such as roads, bridges, dams, and buildings. In all of these applications, cement can suffer corrosion due to acidic contaminants or direct contact with acidic liquid, particularly wet carbon dioxide (CO₂). When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, carbonic acid is formed. This acid then attacks the calcium hydroxide found in the cement, resulting in corrosion and failure of the cement. This issue is especially problematic in sour wells (producing CO₂ and H₂S containing oil and gas) and CO₂ injection wells. CO₂ injection is a process used to enhance crude oil recovery and more recently, is a possible method of sequestering greenhouse gases in underground aquifers.

When carbon dioxide is exposed to water, carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) is formed using the following equation: CO₂+H₂O→H₂CO₃. Carbonic acid can then attack calcium hydroxide that is a major component present in cement compositions through the following reaction: H₂CO₃+Ca(OH)₂→CaCO₃+2.H₂O. As the continuous exposure of the cement to wet CO₂ or carbonic acid continues, the calcium carbonate can react with carbonic acid to produce water soluble calcium bicarbonate using the following equation: CaCO₃+H₂CO₃→Ca(HCO₃)₂, which opens up the channels for further carbonic acid propagation into cement mass and causes further corrosion of the cement.

To alleviate the problems associated with CO₂ corrosion, attempts have been made to develop cement compositions that are resistant to CO₂ and its effects. If a well is cemented with CO₂ resistant cement during well construction, it will have extended life when it is used either as a CO₂ injection well or as a CO₂ producing well. In one such example, the cement has some or all of the Portland cement replaced by fly ash and/or calcium aluminate. Such cements have been used in petroleum and geothermal wells ranging in temperature from 140° F. to 300° F. and have been evaluated in laboratory experiments up to 700° F. Under such conditions, regular Portland cement suffers large amounts of corrosion. These fly ash/calcium aluminate cements are somewhat effective at reducing corrosion, but they are more expensive and difficult to apply due to their sensitivity to contamination. Calcium aluminate cement will flash set if it comes into contact with any normal Portland cement. This prevents the same equipment from being used to pump both Portland and calcium aluminate cements, a whole separate fleet of pumping equipment must be retained.

A need exists for methods and compositions useful for reducing corrosion in cement applications, such as in wet CO₂ environments. It would be useful if the additives were compatible with all types of cements to enable the same equipment to be used when handling cement compositions without the corrosion inhibitors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, methods and compositions useful for reducing corrosion in cement compositions exposed to corrosive environments are provided as embodiments of the present invention. A method of reducing corrosion in cement applications is provided as a first embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, an additive is added to a cement composition to reduce corrosion in cement applications. The additive is capable of forming an insoluble salt by reacting with a calcium cation or a carbonate anion that forms after the cement composition sets up, hardens, and begins to corrode after exposure to wet CO₂. The insoluble salts form a protective composition within the cement mass that prevents carbonic acid from propagation within the cement and protects it from further corrosion.

In another embodiment, an additive is added to a cement composition to reduce corrosion in cement applications. The additive is capable of forming an insoluble salt by reacting with a calcium cation or a carbonate anion that forms during cement composition set up and hardening, while corroding after exposure to CO₂. The insoluble salts form a protective composition within the cement mass that prevents carbonic acid from propagation within the cement and protects it from further corrosion.

As another embodiment of the present invention, another method of reducing corrosion in a cement composition is provided. In this embodiment, a cement composition comprising an additive is formed. The cement composition is then allowed to set into a hard mass that is then exposed to wet carbon dioxide to produce a calcium cation, calcium carbonate, or a combination thereof. The calcium cation or the carbonate anion is reacted with the additive to produce an insoluble salt that protects the hard mass from corrosion.

Besides the method embodiments, compositional embodiments of the present invention are also provided. In one such embodiment, a cement composition including an additive is provided. The additive is capable of forming an insoluble salt by reacting with a calcium cation or carbonate anion that forms when the cement composition sets up, hardens, and begins to corrode.

In an aspect, the additive is a soluble salt that is capable of forming an insoluble salt that is capable of protecting the cement from further corrosion, particularly from CO₂. The methods and compositions described herein can be used in various cement applications that are exposed to acidic contaminants, such as CO₂, that cause cement to corrode. The methods and compositions also can be used with various types of cement. The methods and compositions described herein also can be used in various cement applications to control gas migration caused by cracks or improper cementing and worsened by exposure to acidic contaminants, such as CO₂, that cause cement to corrode and intensify gas migration.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a cement sample made in accordance with prior art methods after a 20 day test showing corrosion;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cement sample made in accordance with embodiments of the present invention after a 20 day test showing minimal corrosion;

FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional area view of the cement sample of FIG. 1 made in accordance with prior art methods stained with 1 wt. % phenolphthalein showing corrosion;

FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional area view of the cement sample of FIG. 2 made in accordance with embodiments of the present invention stained with 1 wt. % phenolphthalein;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional area view of a cement sample made in accordance with prior art methods stained with 1 wt. % phenolphthalein after 40 days showing corrosion; and

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional area view of a cement sample made in accordance with embodiments of the present invention stained with 1 wt. % phenolphthalein after 40 days.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below as they might be employed in the operation and in the treatment of cement applications. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. Further aspects and advantages of the various embodiments of the invention will become apparent from consideration of the following description.

While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising” various components or steps (interpreted as meaning “including, but not limited to”), the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps, such terminology should be interpreted as defining essentially closed-member groups.

The present invention relates to methods and compositions that can protect various types of cement from corrosion in CO₂ wet environments. Embodiments of the present invention use an additive to stop the reactions that cause and/or contribute to the corrosion of the cement and produce insoluble salts that form a protective composition within the cement to prevent further corrosion. The two types of additives useful in the present invention are independent and can be used separately or can be combined, if compatible.

As indicated previously, when carbon dioxide is exposed to water, carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) is formed using the following equation: CO₂+H₂O→H₂CO₃. Carbonic acid can then attack calcium hydroxide that is present in cement compositions to produce calcium carbonate. As the continuous exposure of the cement to wet CO₂ or carbonic acid continues, the calcium carbonate can react with carbonic acid to produce water soluble calcium bicarbonate using the following equation: CaCO₃+H₂CO₃→Ca(HCO₃)₂, which opens up the channels for further carbonic acid propagation into the cement mass and cause further corrosion to the cement. As the CO₂ or carbonic acid continues to react and attack calcium hydroxide in the cement composition, the corrosion propagates.

The methods and compositions of the present invention stop the corrosion cycle of cement and protect it from further corrosion. One type of additive stops the calcium cations from being solubilized by wet CO₂ infusion. This type of additive can include a fluoride-containing additive, a phosphate-containing additive, a borate-forming chemical, or a combination thereof. This type of additive reacts with the calcium cations produced from the carbonic acid corrosion to form an insoluble salt, such as calcium fluoride or tricalcium phosphate, that is not further reacting with carbonic acid or CO₂ to product other soluble components. This insoluble salt forms a protective composition that remains in place to prevent CO₂ from penetrating into the cement body and causing loss of cement integrity.

Another type of additive also helps to prevent further corrosion of the cement by reacting with available carbonate or carbonic acid to stop the calcium hydroxide within the cement from reacting with the carbonic acid. This second type of additive reacts with the carbonic acid or carbonate to produce an insoluble salt to protect the cement. The insoluble salt forms a protective composition that remains in place to prevent CO₂ from penetrating into the cement body and causing loss of cement integrity.

The methods and compositions described herein allow for a small amount of corrosion initially to produce the calcium cations, but then stop the calcium cations and/or carbonate anions from reacting further. The insoluble salts that are formed as a result of the reactions with the additives in the cement and create a protective barrier within the pathway of the CO₂ or carbonic acid intrusion into the cement body. In essence, the two types of additives enable the cement to be self-healing. The additives enable the cement composition to stop penetration of the carbon dioxide through the cement and stop further propagation of the carbon dioxide.

As an embodiment of the present invention, a method of reducing corrosion in cement applications is provided. In this embodiment, an additive is added to a cement composition. After the cement composition sets up and hardens, it will begin to corrode when exposed to wet CO₂. As indicated previously, the H₂O+CO₂ will react to produce carbonic acid, which will then react with the calcium hydroxide contained in cement to produce calcium cations. The additive is capable of forming an insoluble salt by reacting with the calcium cation or carbonate anion that forms after the cement composition sets up, hardens, and begins to corrode. The insoluble salt forms a protective barrier within the cement that remains in place to prevent further CO₂ from penetrating further into the cement body and cause loss of cement integrity.

As another embodiment of the present invention, a method of reducing corrosion in cement applications is provided. In this embodiment, an additive is added to a cement composition. As the cement composition sets up and hardens, it will begin to corrode when exposed to CO₂. As indicated previously, the H₂O+CO₂ will react to produce carbonic acid, which will then react with the calcium hydroxide contained in cement to produce calcium cations. The additive is capable of forming an insoluble salt by reacting with the calcium cation or carbonate anion that forms during which the cement composition sets up, hardens, and begins to corrode. The insoluble salt forms a protective barrier within the cement that remains in place to prevent further CO₂ from penetrating further into the cement body and cause loss of cement integrity.

As another embodiment of the present invention, a method of reducing corrosion in a cement composition is provided. In this embodiment, a cement composition is formed that includes an additive. The cement composition is then allowed to set into a hard mass. The hard mass is then exposed to wet carbon dioxide to produce a calcium cation, calcium bicarbonate, or a combination thereof. The calcium cation is reacted with the additive to produce an insoluble salt that protects the hard mass from corrosion.

Besides the method embodiments described herein, compositions are also provided as embodiments of the present invention. For example, in an embodiment, a cement composition comprising an additive is provided. In an aspect, the additive is capable of forming an insoluble salt by reacting with a calcium cation or a carbonate anion that forms when the cement composition sets up, hardens, and begins to corrode.

In an aspect, the additive can be any soluble salt that is capable of reacting with the calcium ion or the carbonate anion to produce an insoluble salt capable of forming a protective barrier within the cement that remains in place to prevent further CO₂ from penetrating further into the cement body and causing loss of cement integrity. For example, the additive can be fluoride salts or fluoride salts generating chemicals. Other possible salts include borate salts or borate-generating chemicals, phosphate salts or phosphate-generating salts. Examples include NaF, KF, [NH₄][HF₂], NH₄F, LiF, fluoroboric acid or salts, borax, sodium or potassium borate, organic borate or borate esters, H₂NaO₄P, Na₂HPO₄, Na₃PO₄, NH₄.H₂PO₄, (NH₄)₃PO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, K₃PO₄, phosphate esters or combinations thereof. By using the additives described herein, the resulting insoluble salt can be calcium fluoride, tricalcium phosphate, calcium borate or combinations thereof.

Various types of soluble salts can be used as the additive in the present invention to produce insoluble salts capable of protecting the cement by reacting the soluble salts with any available calcium cations. The following examples include, but are not limited to, the varieties of available salts of fluoride, borate phosphate, or combinations thereof. When the desired insoluble salt formed to protect the cement is calcium fluoride, the following types of soluble fluoride salts can be used as suitable additives in the present invention: NaF, KF, [NH₄][HF₂], NH₄F, LiF, as well as fluoride forming compounds and combinations thereof. When the desired insoluble salt formed to protect the cement is tricalcium phosphonate, the following types of soluble phosphonate salts can be used as suitable additives in the present invention: H₂NaO₄P, Na₂HPO₄, Na₃PO₄, NH₄.H₂PO₄, (NH₄)₃PO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, K₃PO₄, as well as organophosphates and combinations thereof. When the desired insoluble salt formed to protect the cement is calcium borate, the following types of soluble borate salts can be used as suitable additives in the present invention: Na₄B₄O₇ and its hydrate forms; Na₂B₈O₁₃ and its hydrate forms; other salts of polyborates, such as triborate, tetraborate, pentaborate, and the like; other borate forming compounds, such as fluoroborate acid or its salts; or combinations thereof. Other suitable types of soluble salts that are capable of reacting with the calcium cations and forming insoluble salts capable of protecting the cement will be apparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.

In an aspect, another type of additive can be any soluble salt that is capable of reacting with the carbonate anions in the calcium carbonate to produce an insoluble salt to protect the surface of the cement. For example, the additive can be FeCl₂, FeSiF6.6H₂O, (Fe(NO₃)₂), FeSO₄, Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Pb(BrO₃)₂, PbSiF6, Pb(NO₃)₂, MnF₂, MnSiF6.6H₂O, Mn(NO₃)₂, MnSO₄, Hg₂(ClO₄)₂, Hg(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Hg(ClO₃)₂, HgCl₂, Hg(CN)₂, Nd(C₂H₃O₂)₃.H₂O, Nd(BrO₃)₃, NdCl₃, Nd(NO₃)₃, Nd₂(SeO₄)₃, Nd₂(SO₄)₃, AgClO₃, AgClO₂, Ag₂Cr₂O7, AgF, AgNO₃, AgClO₄, AgMnO₄, Ag₂SO₄, Sr(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Sr(BrO₃)₂.H₂O, SrBr₂, SrCl₂, Sr(HCO₂)₂, Sr(OH)₂.8H₂O, SrI₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, SrS₂O₃.5H₂O, Y(C₂H₃O₂)₃.4H₂O, Y(BrO₃)₃.9H₂O, YBr₃, YCl₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y₂(SO₄)₃, Zn(C₂H₃O₂)₂, ZnBr₂, Zn(ClO₃)₂, ZnCl₂, ZnF₂, Zn(HCO₂)₂, ZnI₂, Zn(NO₃)₂, Zn(MnO₄)₂, ZnSO₄, Zr(SO₄)₂.4H₂O, ZrF₄, or combinations thereof. By using the additives described herein, the resulting insoluble salt can be iron (II) carbonate, lead (II) carbonate, manganese (II) carbonate, mercury (I) carbonate, neodymium carbonate, silver (I) carbonate, strontium carbonate, yttrium carbonate, zinc carbonate, zinc carbonate monohydrate, or combinations thereof.

Various types of soluble salts can be used as the additive in the present invention to react with any available carbonate anions to produce insoluble salts capable of protecting the cement. Some possible insoluble salts that can be produced and used to protect the cement can include iron (II) carbonate, lead (II) carbonate, manganese (II) carbonate, mercury (I) carbonate, neodymium carbonate, silver (I) carbonate, strontium carbonate, yttrium carbonate, zinc carbonate, zinc carbonate monohydrate, and combinations thereof. When forming iron (II) carbonate, suitable additives can include iron (II) chloride (FeCl₂), ferrous fluorosilicate hexahydrate (FeSiF₆.6H₂O), iron (II) nitrate (Fe(NO₃)₂), FeSO₄, and combinations thereof. When forming lead (II) carbonate, suitable additives can include Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Pb(BrO³)₂, PbSiF₆, Pb(NO₃)₂, and combinations thereof. When forming manganese (II) carbonate, suitable additives can include MnF₂, MnSiF₆.6H₂O, Mn(NO₃)₂, MnSO₄, and combinations thereof. When forming mercury (I) carbonate, suitable additives can include Hg₂(ClO₄)₂), Hg(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Hg(ClO₃)₂, HgCl₂, Hg(CN)₂, and combinations thereof. When forming neodymium carbonate, suitable additives can include Nd(C₂H₃O₂)₃.H₂O, Nd(BrO₃)₃, NdCl₃, Nd(NO₃)₃, Nd₂(SeO₄)₃, Nd₂(SO₄)₃, and combinations thereof. When forming silver (I) carbonate, suitable additives can include AgClO₃, AgClO₂, Ag₂Cr₂O₇, AgF, AgNO₃, AgClO₄, AgMnO₄, Ag₂SO₄, and combinations thereof. When forming strontium carbonate, suitable additives can include Sr(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Sr(BrO₃)₂.H₂O, SrBr₂, SrCl₂, Sr(HCO₂)₂, Sr(OH)₂.8H₂O, SrI₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, SrS₂O₃.5H₂O, and combinations thereof. When forming yttrium carbonate, suitable additives can include Y(C₂H₃O₂)₃.4H₂O, Y(BrO₃)₃.9H₂O, YBr₃, YCl₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y₂(SO₄)₃, and combinations thereof. When forming zinc carbonate, suitable additives can include Zn(C₂H₃O₂)₂, ZnBr₂, Zn(ClO₃)₂, ZnCl₂, ZnF₂, Zn(HCO₂)₂, ZnI₂, Zn(NO₃)₂, Zn(MnO₄)₂, ZnSO₄, Zr(SO₄)₂.4H₂O, ZrF₄, and combinations thereof. When forming zinc carbonate monohydrate, suitable additives can include Zn(C₂H₃O₂)₂, ZnBr₂, Zn(ClO₃)₂, ZnCl₂, ZnF₂, Zn(HCO₂)₂, ZnI₂, Zn(NO₃)₂, Zn(MnO₄)₂, ZnSO₄, Zr(SO₄)₂.4H₂O, ZrF₄, and combinations thereof. Other suitable types of soluble salts that are capable of reacting with the carbonate anions and forming insoluble salts capable of protecting the cement will be apparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.

The amounts of the additive can vary within the cement composition. The amount of the additives that can be added is an effective amount that protects the cement from corrosion. For example, the additive can be present in a range of about 1 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition to about 100 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition; or alternatively, in a range of about 1 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition to about 30 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition. In an aspect, the additive can be present in a range of about 1 mol. % to about 20 mol. %; or alternatively, in a range of about 10 mol. % to about 15 mol. %. Other suitable amounts of additives that can be added to protect the cement will be apparent to those of skill in the art and is to be considered within the scope of the present invention.

The methods and compositions described herein can be used with various types of cement compositions. For example, the methods and compositions described herein can be used with normal portland cement, high early strength portland cement, ultra high early strength portland cement, portland blast-furnace slag cement, moderate heat portland cement, fly ash cement, sulfate resisting cement, other hydraulic materials other than cement (such as gypsum), and combinations thereof. Other suitable types of materials that the present invention can be used with will be apparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.

Besides the additives described herein, various additives that are commonly used in cement applications can be used in the present invention. Such additives can include glass, dispersing agents, fluid loss additives, hydrogen foaming agents, and the like. Other suitable additives that can be used in the present invention will be apparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.

The cement compositions of this invention can be prepared in accordance with any of the mixing techniques utilized in the art. In one preferred method, a quantity of water is introduced into a cement blender followed by the additive. The mixture is agitated for a sufficient period of time to form a pumpable slurry. Other suitable preparation methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.

As an advantage of the present invention, the methods and compositions of the present invention can be used in various cement applications. For example, the methods and compositions described herein can be used in oilfield cement applications, smoke stacks, building subject to acid rain, and the like. Other suitable cement applications will be apparent to those of skill in the art and are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.

Examples

The following examples are included to demonstrate the use of compositions in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the scope of the invention.

Two class H portland cement samples were made, one without the additive of the present invention (MAV07-04) and one with the additive of the present invention (MAV07-01), as described in API Practice 10B. The additive (ammonium bifluoride) had a loading rate of 13.2 grams/861 grams of cement. Samples of each cement were drawn up in 5 mL syringes and allowed to set for thirteen days at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. After the setting time, the cement plugs were extracted from the syringes, cut into sections 1.5 inches in length and placed in a 300 mL high pressure cell containing a 125 mL of 1 wt. % NaCl brine that had been saturated with CO₂. The cell was pressurized to 850 psi of CO₂ then placed in a 100° C. oven for nineteen days. During this time the pressure in the cell rose to 1200 psi after an hour in the oven but had dropped down to 1000 psi by the end of the nineteen days. At the end of the test, the cell was slowly cooled and depressurized over the course of five hours to avoid any shock damage to the cement. The cement samples were removed from the cell and photographed. FIG. 1 (Sample MAV2-07-04A) shows calcite deposits on its surface after twenty days of exposure to +1000 psi of CO₂ at 100° C. Calcite is the product of CO₂ corrosion of cement. FIG. 2 (Sample MAV2-07-01A) has no calcite deposits on its surface after twenty days of exposure to +1000 psi of CO₂ at 100° C.

The samples were then cut in half using a diamond saw and hydrocarbon lubricant, stained with 1 wt. % phenolphthalein, then photographed again. FIG. 3 (Sample MAV2-07-04) shows a corrosion depth of 0.253 mm upon twenty days of exposure to +1000 psi of CO₂ at 100° C. FIG. 4 (Sample MAV2-07-01) contains the additives described herein and shows no measurable corrosion under the same conditions upon twenty days of exposure to +1000 psi of CO₂ at 100° C.

A second set of samples were exposed to CO₂ for forty days under the sample conditions as in the first example, followed by photographing them. FIG. 5 (Sample MAV2-07-04H) shows a corrosion depth of 1.245 mm upon forty days of exposure to +1000 psi of CO₂ at 100° C. FIG. 6 (Sample MAV2-07-01H) shows a substantially smaller amount of corrosion, with the depth only being 0.4397 mm upon forty days of exposure to +1000 psi of CO₂ at 100° C.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations can be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are chemically related can be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the scope and concept of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of reducing corrosion of a hardened cement in a cementing application comprising: (i) hardening a cement composition comprising Portland cement and an additive; (ii) exposing the cement composition to wet carbon dioxide after the cement composition has hardened; (iii) forming an insoluble calcium salt from the additive and calcium cations, the calcium cations having been formed from carbonic acid in wet carbon dioxide; and (iv) preventing carbon dioxide from penetrating into the set cement by forming a protective barrier from the insoluble calcium salt, wherein the protective barrier protects the cement from corrosion and further prevents loss of integrity to the hardened cement.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises H₂NaO₄P, Na₂HPO₄, Na₃PO₄, NH₄.H₂PO₄, (NH₄)₃PO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, K₃PO₄, tricalcium phosphate or combinations thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises FeCl₂, FeSiF₆.6H₂O, (Fe(NO₃)₂), FeSO₄, Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Pb(BrO₃)₂, PbSiF₆, Pb(NO₃)₂, MnF₂, MnSiF₆.6H₂O, Mn(NO₃)₂, MnSO₄, Hg₂(ClO₄)₂, Hg(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Hg(ClO₃)₂, HgCl₂, Hg(CN)₂, Nd(C₂H₃O₂)₃.H₂O, Nd(BrO₃)₃, NdCl₃, Nd(NO₃)₃, Nd₂(SeO₄)₃, Nd₂(SO₄)₃, AgClO₃, AgClO₂, Ag₂Cr₂O₇, AgF, AgNO₃, AgClO₄, AgMnO₄, Ag₂SO₄, Sr(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Sr(BrO₃)₂.H₂O, SrBr₂, SrCl₂, Sr(HCO₂)₂, Sr(OH)₂.8H₂O, SrI₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, SrS₂O₃.5H₂O, Y(C₂H₃O₂)₃.4H₂O, Y(BrO₃)₃.9H₂O, YBr₃, YCl₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y₂(SO₄)₃, Zn(C₂H₃O₂)₂, ZnBr₂, Zn(ClO₃)₂, ZnCl₂, ZnF₂, Zn(HCO₂)₂, ZnI₂, Zn(NO₃)₂, Zn(MnO₄)₂, ZnSO₄, Zr(SO₄)₂.4H₂O, ZrF₄, or combinations thereof and wherein the insoluble salt comprises iron (II) carbonate, lead (II) carbonate, manganese (II) carbonate, mercury (I) carbonate, neodymium carbonate, silver (I) carbonate, strontium carbonate, yttrium carbonate, zinc carbonate, zinc carbonate monohydrate, or combinations thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the additive is present in a range of about 1 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition to about 100 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the additive is added prior to water being added to the cement composition.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cementing application comprises introducing the cement composition into a well and further wherein the cement composition is hardened in the well.
 7. A method of reducing corrosion in a cement composition exposed to wet carbon dioxide by preventing the propagation of carbonic acid within the cement, the method comprising the steps of: (a) forming a cement composition comprising Portland cement and an additive; (b) adding water to the cement composition and allowing the cement composition to set into a hard mass; (c) exposing wet carbon dioxide to the hardened cement to produce an insoluble salt from the calcium cation and additive; and (d) preventing the propagation of carbonic acid within the cement by forming a protective barrier within the cement from the insoluble salt of step (c).
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the additive comprises H₂NaO₄P, Na₂HPO₄, Na₃PO₄, NH₄.H₂PO₄, (NH₄)₃PO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, K₃PO₄, tricalcium phosphate or combinations thereof.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the additive comprises FeCl₂, FeSiF₆.6H₂O, (Fe(NO₃)₂), FeSO₄, Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Pb(BrO₃)₂, PbSiF₆, Pb(NO₃)₂, MnF₂, MnSiF₆.6H₂O, Mn(NO₃)₂, MnSO₄, Hg₂(ClO₄)₂, Hg(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Hg(ClO₃)₂, HgCl₂, Hg(CN)₂, Nd(C₂H₃O₂)₃.H₂O, Nd(BrO₃)₃, NdCl₃, Nd(NO₃)₃, Nd₂(SeO₄)₃, Nd₂(SO₄)₃, AgClO₃, AgClO₂, Ag₂Cr₂O₇, AgF, AgNO₃, AgClO₄, AgMnO₄, Ag₂SO₄, Sr(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Sr(BrO₃)₂.H₂O, SrBr₂, SrCl₂, Sr(HCO₂)₂, Sr(OH)₂.8H₂O, SrI₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, SrS₂O₃.5H₂O, Y(C₂H₃O₂)₃.4H₂O, Y(BrO₃)₃.9H₂O, YBr₃, YCl₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y₂(SO₄)₃, Zn(C₂H₃O₂)₂, ZnBr₂, Zn(ClO₃)₂, ZnCl₂, ZnF₂, Zn(HCO₂)₂, ZnI₂, Zn(NO₃)₂, Zn(MnO₄)₂, ZnSO₄, Zr(SO₄)₂.4H₂O, ZrF₄, or combinations thereof and wherein the insoluble salt comprises iron (II) carbonate, lead (II) carbonate, manganese (II) carbonate, mercury (I) carbonate, neodymium carbonate, silver (I) carbonate, strontium carbonate, yttrium carbonate, zinc carbonate, zinc carbonate monohydrate, or combinations thereof.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the additive is present in a range of about 1 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition to about 100 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the cementing application comprises introducing the cement composition into a well and further wherein the cement composition is hardened in the well.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the additive is added prior to water being added to the cement composition.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the cement composition further comprises a member selected from the group consisting of glass, dispersing agents, fluid loss additives, hydrogen foaming agents, and combinations thereof.
 14. A method of reducing corrosion during a cementing application comprising the steps of: (a) forming a cement composition comprising Portland cement and an additive; (b) adding water to the cement composition; (c) exposing wet carbon dioxide to cement; (d) reacting the calcium cation with the additive to produce an insoluble salt as the cement composition sets up and hardens; and (e) protecting the set cement composition from corrosion by the insoluble salt produced in step (d).
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the additive comprises H₂NaO₄P, Na₂HPO₄, Na₃PO₄, NH₄.H₂PO₄, (NH₄)₃PO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, K₃PO₄, tricalcium phosphate or combinations thereof.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the additive comprises FeCl₂, FeSiF₆.6H₂O, (Fe(NO₃)₂), FeSO₄, Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Pb(BrO₃)₂, PbSiF₆, Pb(NO₃)₂, MnF₂, MnSiF₆.6H₂O, Mn(NO₃)₂, MnSO₄, Hg₂(ClO₄)₂, Hg(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Hg(ClO₃)₂, HgCl₂, Hg(CN)₂, Nd(C₂H₃O₂)₃.H₂O, Nd(BrO₃)₃, NdCl₃, Nd(NO₃)₃, Nd₂(SeO₄)₃, Nd₂(SO₄)₃, AgClO₃, AgClO₂, Ag₂Cr₂O₇, AgF, AgNO₃, AgClO₄, AgMnO₄, Ag₂SO₄, Sr(C₂H₃O₂)₂, Sr(BrO₃)₂.H₂O, SrBr₂, SrCl₂, Sr(HCO₂)₂, Sr(OH)₂.8H₂O, SrI₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, SrS₂O₃.5H₂O, Y(C₂H₃O₂)₃.4H₂O, Y(BrO₃)₃.9H₂O, YBr₃, YCl₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y(NO₃)₃, Y₂(SO₄)₃, Zn(C₂H₃O₂)₂, ZnBr₂, Zn(ClO₃)₂, ZnCl₂, ZnF₂, Zn(HCO₂)₂, ZnI₂, Zn(NO₃)₂, Zn(MnO₄)₂, ZnSO₄, Zr(SO₄)₂.4H₂O, ZrF₄, or combinations thereof and wherein the insoluble salt comprises iron (II) carbonate, lead (II) carbonate, manganese (II) carbonate, mercury (I) carbonate, neodymium carbonate, silver (I) carbonate, strontium carbonate, yttrium carbonate, zinc carbonate, zinc carbonate monohydrate, or combinations thereof.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the additive comprises NaF, KF, [NH₄][HF₂], NH₄F, LiF, Na₂B₄O₇, Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O, B₂O₃, B₈Na₂O₁₃, BBr₃, BF₃, B₁₀H₁₄, B₂H₆, BH₃, K₂B₄O₇.4H₂O, B(OH)₃, Na₄B₄O₇ and its hydrate forms, Na₂B₈O₁₃ and its hydrate forms.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the additive is added prior to water being added to the cement composition.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the additive is present in a range of about 1 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition to about 100 lb. per 500 lb. cement composition.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the cement composition further comprises a member selected from the group consisting of glass, dispersing agents, fluid loss additives, hydrogen foaming agents, and combinations thereof. 